For more than one equilibrium, chemical reactions and algebraic equations are required to describe the characteristics of any of these systems. We define complex systems as solutions made up of (1) two acids or two bases of different strengths, (2) an acid or a base that has two or more acidic or basic functional groups, or (3) an amphiprotic substance, which is capable of acting as both an acid and a base. I n this chapter, we describe methods for treating complex acid/base systems, including the calculation of titration curves. Calculations of pH and of titration curves are also described. The pH of human blood is controlled to be within the range of 7.35 to 7.45, primarily by the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: CO 2 (g) 1 H 2 O(l) 8 H 2 CO 3 (aq) H 2 CO 3 (aq) 1 H 2 O(l) 8 H 3 O 1 (aq) 1 HCO 3 2 (aq) This chapter describes polyfunctional acid and base systems including buffer solutions. Shown here is a scanning electron micrograph of red blood cells travel-ing through an artery.
The human body contains a complicated system of buffers within cells and within bodily fluids, such as human blood. Polyfunctional acids and bases play important roles in many chemical and biological systems.
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